Consistency between hydrological model, large aperture scintillometer and remote sensing based evapotranspiration estimates for a heterogeneous catchment

The catchment averaged actual evapotranspiration rate is a hydrologic model variable that is difficult to quantify. Evapotranspiration rates - up till present - cannot be continuously observed at the catchment scale. The objective of this paper is to estimate the evapotranspiration rates (or its energy equivalent, the latent heat fluxes LE) for a heterogeneous catchment of 102.3 km(2) in Belgium using three fundamentally different algorithms. One possible manner to observe this variable could be the continuous measurement of sensible heat fluxes (H) across large distances (in the order of kilometers) using a large aperture scintillometer (LAS), and converting these observations into evapotranspiration rates. Latent heat fluxes are obtained through the energy balance equation using a series of sensible heat fluxes measured with a LAS over a distance of 9.5 km in the catchment, and point measurements of net radiation (R-n) and ground heat flux (G) upscaled to catchment average through the use of TOPLATS, a physically based land surface model. The resulting LE-values are then compared to results from the remote sensing based surface energy balance algorithm ETLook and the land surface model. Firstly, the performance of ETLook for the energy balance terms has been assessed at the point scale and at the catchment scale. Secondly, consistency between daily evapotranspiration rates from ETLook, TOPLATS and LAS is shown

Images of old-age, images of childhood: forms that think about themselves

Prioritizing the joint work of images and memory, and pointing out some heuristic and methodological perspectives, this essay aims at understanding how old people reconstruct their childhood panorama based on previously selected and organized pictures.Dando prioridade ao trabalho das imagens e ao trabalho conjunto da memória, o ensaio procura, ao abrir algumas perspectivas heurísticas e metodológicas, entender como as pessoas idosas reconstroem, a partir de fotografias, por elas previamente selecionadas e montadas, os panoramas de suas infâncias.213

A verb-visual cartography of the old age: photobiographies and memories assembly

En este artículo se pretende discutir cuestiones ligadas a una investigación doctoral sobre las potencialidades presentes dentro de las imágenes fotográficas, cuando se trata de comprender cómo, por medio de ellas, se construye y se organiza la memoria de personas de edad avanzada. Delante de una imagen, somos todos, de una manera u otra, invitados a penetrar la espesura de una historia que nos remite, a revivir y a reactualizar el pasado, muchas veces por medio de palabras y silencios. Se trata de pensar la memoria de personas de edad avanzada, como el lugar de una arquitectura singular y de un trabajo de “pensamiento/reflexión”, que las propias imágenes les revelan y les hacen descubrir. El ejercicio exploratorio que ofrecemos tendrá como intención levantar cuestiones relacionadas a las elecciones y las formas de montaje de las fotografías. Elecciones y arreglos que representan, pensamos, una singular “fotobiografía” o, simplemente, una autobiografía visual1030It is intended to discuss in this article questions related to a PhD research about the potentialities inside the photographical image, particularly when it comes to the question of how (through pictures) they build and organize the senior people’s memory. When in front of images, we are all invited to penetrate, in one way or another, in the thickness of a history to which it send us to revive and update the past through words and silence. It is a dare to think a senior people’s memory as the place of a singular architecture and of the work of thought and reflection that unveils themselves on their own. The explanatory exercise that we offer have the intention to raise questions related to choices and shapes of photography assembly. Choices and arrangements that represent, we thought, a single photobiography or, simply, a visual autobiograph

In vivo RNA interference analysis reveals an unexpected role for GNBP1 in the defense against Gram-positive bacterial infection in Drosophila adults

The Drosophila immune system discriminates between different classes of infectious microbes and responds with pathogen-specific defense reactions via the selective activation of the Toll and the immune deficiency (Imd) signaling pathways. The Toll pathway mediates most defenses against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, whereas the Imd pathway is required to resist Gram-negative bacterial infection. Microbial recognition is achieved through peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs); Gram-positive bacteria activate the Toll pathway through a circulating PGRP (PGRP-SA), and Gram-negative bacteria activate the Imd pathway via PGRP-LC, a putative transmembrane receptor, and PGRP-LE. Gram-negative binding proteins (GNBPs) were originally identified in Bombyx mori for their capacity to bind various microbial compounds. Three GNBPs and two related proteins are encoded in the Drosophila genome, but their function is not known. Using inducible expression of GNBP1 double-stranded RNA, we now demonstrate that GNBP1 is required for Toll activation in response to Gram-positive bacterial infection; GNBP1 double-stranded RNA expression renders flies susceptible to Gram-positive bacterial infection and reduces the induction of the antifungal peptide encoding gene Drosomycin after infection by Gram-positive bacteria but not after fungal infection. This phenotype induced by GNBP1 inactivation is identical to a loss-of-function mutation in PGRP-SA, and our genetic studies suggest that GNBP1 acts upstream of the Toll ligand Spätzle. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the detection of Gram-positive bacteria in Drosophila requires two putative pattern recognition receptors, PGRP-SA and GNBP1

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Imagens de velhice, imagens da infância: formas que se pensam

Dando prioridade ao trabalho das imagens e ao trabalho conjunto da memória, o ensaio procura, ao abrir algumas perspectivas heurísticas e metodológicas, entender como as pessoas idosas reconstroem, a partir de fotografias, por elas previamente selecionadas e montadas, os panoramas de suas infâncias

Images Of Old-age, Images Of Childhood: Forms That Think About Themselves [imagens De Velhice, Imagens Da Infância: Formas Que Se Pensam]

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